Clashes are not so sharp as those in the 19th century, but the outcome is no different. Pro-Indian liberals in government as well as East Coast sentimentalists even prevented several murderous Indian chiefs from being hanged. If you drive by you are likely to see ancient Indians — poor and disheveled — holding out their thumbs for a ride. He probably would have exterminated the Comanche if he could have, but took different measures against less war-like tribes. As he put it, “The fierce and perfidious savages are waging upon our exposed and defenseless inhabitants, an un-provoked and cruel warfare, masacreing [sic] the women and children, and threatening the whole line of our unprotected borders with speedy desolation.”.After the victory at Plum Creek, Lamar began a policy of retaliatory raids on villages in the Comanche sanctuary in the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. (literary) A month, particularly a lunar month. In Philadelphia or New York it was easy to talk about humane Indian policies, but on the frontier, whether in Confederate or Yankee territory, sentiments were different. Only after the post-Civil War elite was directly threatened did it take action, permanently ending the Comanche threat in 1879.Immediately after the great raids on Linnville and Victoria, the Texans called out the militia and assembled Ranger companies, and defeated the retreating Comanche force at the Battle of Plum Creek on August 14, 1840. His militia massacred Indians without compunction but his force also included a few regulars from the East who were appalled by the killing and raised a stink. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Davis did so. Quakers would not use the military to keep the Comanche on their reservation and avoid war.Tatum worked hard to teach the Comanche to be civilized farmers but was defeated by circumstances. Constantly pursued by the Army, starving for want of game, by 1879 the Comanche were a beaten people and never again threatened Texas. They fired from inside buildings, and the Comanche, unused to city fighting, retreated. This alliance between two extremely warlike people held year after year. Attacks on this scale had proven brilliantly successful against traditional Comanche targets: larger villages of mostly unarmed Mexicans or other Indians. From a possible high of 30,000 at the start of the 19th century, the Comanche were reduced to roughly 1,500 by 1878. Many whites were fresh from northern Europe or descended from the very liberal Puritan and Quaker colonists. The Kiowa were a much smaller tribe, and perhaps they fitted into a special niche: not worth raiding and too small to be a threat, but useful allies.
The second, from 1845 until 1861, was much like the Cold War in that the federal government contained the Comanche but did not destroy their ability to make war.
They traded with the Spaniards around Santa Fe but also raided settlements in Mexico and Texas. Chivington also made a bad mistake: He attacked a peaceful band of Indians, not the hostile Dog Soldiers, an out-of-control offshoot of the Cheyenne, who were actually doing the raiding.Also in 1864 an Army unit under Kit Carson fought the Comanche at the Battle of Adobe Walls, in Hutchinson County, Texas.
In fact, they were such fantastic fighters that the Spanish never even tried to subdue them, and the Comanche halted the expansion of settlements into the panhandle and northern Texas for nearly 50 years. Linnville never rebuilt, and the area is now a residential part of Calhoun County.Linnville and Victoria are hundreds of miles from the center of Comanche territory in Oklahoma, and the attacks demonstrate the extraordinary reach and mobility the raiders enjoyed. The Comanche arrived with only one of the promised captives, a young girl whose nose had been burned off. One of the new president’s first challenges was the Comanche. They went back to their old ways of rape, plunder, and torture, but with a new twist. Fehrenbach estimates that from 1838 to 1840, a quarter of the braves had been killed, most of them in the actions following the Council House fight.What saved the Comanche and kept the war alive were larger questions of geopolitics. Even Quaker Tatum, who by this time was thoroughly disillusioned with the peace policy, was indignant.Although President Grant had pushed for a pardon, he reconsidered the peace policy and quietly let Colonel Mackenzie take the field. Spaniards and Mexicans were disorganized prey, and could not mount a full-scale defense. Carson’s men were outnumbered nearly ten to one, but killed nearly 100 Indians for a loss of six whites.Texans therefore eventually got help from people who knew Indians first hand. Abraham Lincoln’s sole experience as a soldier was a brief period of garrison duty with the Illinois Militia in the otherwise bloody Blackhawk War, in which the Sac and Fox Indians were destroyed and forced out of Illinois and Wisconsin.In the South, the Cherokee were the source of the longest-running conflict, and held lands in Georgia long after the northeastern states had destroyed their Indians. Whites had sent a capable and honest agent to deal with the Comanche and bring about peace, but the Comanche were not willing to be peaceful.Just as it is today, it was whites who lived furthest from the menace who were convinced they knew best how to handle it.
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