[162], During the 1950s, South African military strategy was decisively shaped by fears of communist espionage and a conventional Soviet threat to the strategic Cape trade route between the south Atlantic and Indian Oceans. [164] By the late-1960s, the rise of Soviet client states on the African continent, as well as Soviet aid for militant anti-apartheid movements, was considered one of the primary external threats to the apartheid system. Voting rights were denied to Coloureds in the same way that they were denied to Blacks from 1950 to 1983. [9], From the late-1970s to the late-1980s, defence budgets in South Africa were raised exponentially. The 1980s became a period of considerable political unrest, with the government becoming increasingly dominated by Botha's circle of generals and police chiefs (known as securocrats), who managed the various States of Emergencies.[192]. In The Color of Law, Richard Rothstein unveils how the federal government deliberately promoted housing segregation, deepening racial inequality and violating the Constitutional rights of millions of Americans. How to use anti-apartheid in a sentence. Similarly, in Natal, the Natal Legislative Assembly Bill of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote. Oppression and Resistance. [201] Cheap labour was the basis of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant groups and the migrants. [115], Alongside apartheid, the National Party implemented a programme of social conservatism. Economic and social discrimination because of gender is sometimes referred to as gender apartheid. Delivered to your inbox! [229][230] The day before the elections, another one went off, injuring 13. In the homelands, much of the land belonged to a "tribe", where the local chieftain would decide how the land had to be used. [21][22] In 1990, prominent ANC figures such as Nelson Mandela were released from prison. [217] All laws relating to "general affairs" (matters such as defence, industry, taxation and Black affairs) were handled by a Cabinet made up of representatives from all three houses. It censured apartheid and demanded sanctions against South Africa. [74] They were displeased by having to choose between British and South African nationalities. On 12 June 1986, four days before the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising, the state of emergency was extended to cover the whole country. [227] On 25 June 1993, the AWB used an armoured vehicle to crash through the doors of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where talks were still going ahead under the Negotiating Council, though this did not derail the process. N. pag. In 1982, final constitutional proposals produced a referendum among Whites, and the Tricameral Parliament was approved. In total, 20 homelands were allocated to ethnic groups, ten in South Africa proper and ten in South West Africa. Thabo Mbeki and de Klerk were made deputy presidents. [87] As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg, it held an almost symbolic importance for the 50,000 black people it contained. [169] In 1975, Israeli defense minister Shimon Peres signed a security pact with South African defence minister P.W. During South African apartheid, more than three million black citizens were forced to move from their homes to segregated neighborhoods. Send us feedback. White people encompassed the English and Afrikaans language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups. The Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 required the use of Afrikaans and English on an equal basis in high schools outside the homelands. [70] He claimed that the only difference was between those in favour of apartheid and those against it. When de Klerk visited the scene of the incident he was initially warmly welcomed, but he was suddenly confronted by a crowd of protesters brandishing stones and placards. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap (or white supremacy), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. [124][125][126] In the following years several student organisations were formed to protest against apartheid, and these organisations were central to urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 and rural boycotts in 1985 and 1986. The Immorality Amendment Act 21 of 1950 (as amended in 1957 by Act 23) forbade "unlawful racial intercourse" and "any immoral or indecent act" between a white and a black, Indian or Coloured person. Internal Security Act (1982) In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa".[228]. Book: Crocodile Burning. Extension of University Education Act (1959) Hani enjoyed widespread support beyond his constituency in the SACP and ANC and had been recognised as a potential successor to Mandela; his death brought forth protests throughout the country and across the international community, but ultimately proved a turning point, after which the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination. [41] The party gave this policy a name – apartheid (apartness). Vorster's willingness to talk to African leaders stood in contrast to Verwoerd's refusal to engage with leaders such as Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of Nigeria in 1962 and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia in 1964. [43], First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers, who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters, as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mineowners' demand for cheap food policies. Right-wing violence also added to the hostilities of this period. In 1985, while visiting the Netherlands, he gave an impassioned speech at the International Court of Justice condemning apartheid, proclaiming that "no system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races. This was often followed by deportation to the person's homeland and prosecution of the employer for employing an illegal migrant. Vorster had expected Bradman to allow the tour of the Australian cricket team to go ahead, but things became heated after Bradman asked why Black sportsmen were not allowed to play cricket. Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953, municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race, creating, among other things, separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. However, in 1977 the NP caucus approved proposals to bring Coloureds and Indians into central government. In 1956, the Pretoria regime – the administrative capital of South Africa – passed the first apartheid sports policy; by doing so, it emphasised the White-led government's opposition to inter-racialism. One of the biggest long-term effects on Indians was the distrust of white South Africans. [19] During the 1970s and 1980s, internal resistance to apartheid became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. Blacks were prohibited from attending white churches under the Churches Native Laws Amendment Act of 1957, but this was never rigidly enforced, and churches were one of the few places races could mix without the interference of the law. 1. [41] Most white South Africans, regardless of their own differences, accepted the prevailing pattern. Economist Thomas Sowell wrote that basic supply and demand led to violations of Apartheid "on a massive scale" throughout the nation, simply because there were not enough white South African business owners to meet the demand for various goods and services. In the St James Church massacre on 25 July 1993, members of the APLA opened fire in a church in Cape Town, killing 11 members of the congregation and wounding 58. In 1978, the National Party Defence Minister, Pieter Willem Botha, became Prime Minister. [178] The reprisals which occurred beyond South Africa's borders involved not only hostile states, but neutral and sympathetic governments as well, often forcing them to react against their will and interests. Most blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the "homelands" became "independent", and they were no longer able to apply for. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's "Wind of Change" speech left the British faction feeling that the United Kingdom had abandoned them. "[156] Like the Reagan Administration, the government of Margaret Thatcher termed this policy "constructive engagement" with the apartheid government, vetoing the imposition of UN economic sanctions. [168][169], Soviet support for militant anti-apartheid movements worked in the government's favour, as its claim to be reacting in opposition to aggressive communist expansion gained greater plausibility, and helped it justify its own domestic militarisation methods, known as "Total Strategy". Resolution 134 called upon the nation of South Africa to abandon its policies implementing racial discrimination. [118] Abortion,[119] homosexuality[120] and sex education were also restricted; abortion was legal only in cases of rape or if the mother's life was threatened.[119]. Suppression of Communism Act (1950) Anti-apartheid definition is - opposed to the former apartheid policy in the Republic of South Africa. [183] Intensive conventional warfare of this nature carried the risk of severe casualties among white soldiers, which had to be kept to a minimum for political reasons. On 10 May 1994, Mandela was sworn in as the new President of South Africa. [121] Television was run on apartheid lines – TV1 broadcast in Afrikaans and English (geared to a White audience), TV2 in Zulu and Xhosa, TV3 in Sotho, Tswana and Pedi (both geared to a Black audience), and TV4 mostly showed programmes for an urban Black audience. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'apartheid.' [9] In 1968, national service for White South African men lasted nine months at minimum, and they could be called up for reserve duty into their late-middle age if necessary. Racism, the belief that humans may be divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called ’races’; that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural and behavioral features; and that some races are innately superior to others. JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987), 5. [76], Territorial separation was hardly a new institution. [58] J.G. [168] It was formulated on counter-revolutionary tactics as espoused by noted French tactician André Beaufre. [188] Sabotage was also used as a pressure tactic when South Africa was negotiating with a host government to cease providing sanctuary to insurgent forces, as in the case of Operation Argon. Sophiatown was destroyed by bulldozers, and a new white suburb named Triomf (Triumph) was built in its place. Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951) After much debate, by the late-1980s, the United States, the United Kingdom, and 23 other nations had passed laws placing various trade sanctions on South Africa. By 1981, under apartheid government, 11 new universities were built: seven for Blacks, one for Coloreds, one for Indians, one for Afrikaans and one dual-language medium Afrikaans and English. Although South Africa's racial policies were a cause for concern, most countries in the UN concurred that this was a domestic affair, which fell outside the UN's jurisdiction.[132]. [111], Chinese South Africans – who were descendants of migrant workers who came to work in the gold mines around Johannesburg in the late 19th century – were initially either classified as "Coloured" or "Other Asian" and were subject to numerous forms of discrimination and restriction. The referendum on 5 October that year asked Whites; "Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union? In Switzerland, the Swiss-South African Association lobbied on behalf of the South African government. Change your default dictionary to American English. Weeks later, tensions came to a head in the Sharpeville Massacre, resulting in more international condemnation. In January 1985, Botha addressed the government's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives. What made you want to look up apartheid? [103] Jobs were often hard to find. Pass Laws Act (1952) [189], Also noteworthy were South African transnational espionage efforts, which included covert assassinations, kidnappings, and attempts to disrupt the overseas influence of anti-apartheid organisations. The newly founded United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid, scripted and passed Resolution 181 on August 7, 1963, which called upon all states to cease the sale and shipment of all ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. [5][6][7], Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand apartheid, which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Van der Ross, R. E.; Marais, Johannes Stephanus (1986). [169], Total Strategy was advanced in the context of MK, PLAN, and Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) guerrilla raids into South Africa or against South African targets in South West Africa; frequent South African reprisal attacks on these movements' external bases in Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and elsewhere, often involving collateral damage to foreign infrastructure and civilian populations; and periodic complaints brought before the international community about South African violations of its neighbours' sovereignty. [29] Ordinance No. It was later proven that the government manipulated the situation by supporting one side or the other whenever it suited them. Although this reopened the gate for international sporting meets, it did not signal the end of South Africa's racist sporting policies. People's courts were set up, and residents accused of being government agents were dealt extreme and occasionally lethal punishments. He praised her role in the struggle against apartheid. In 1974, resistance to apartheid was encouraged by Portuguese withdrawal from Mozambique and Angola, after the 1974 Carnation Revolution. Native Laws Amendment Act † (1952) Aida Touma-Sliman apartheid analogy Apartheid South Africa David Saperstein IHRA antisemitism definition Rohingya Related Posts The dream of the time after Netanyahu, and the Israel that never was By 1989, a bipartisan Republican/Democratic initiative in the US favoured economic sanctions (realised as the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986), the release of Nelson Mandela and a negotiated settlement involving the ANC. Media opposition to the system increased, supported by the growth of a pro-ANC underground press within South Africa. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion, which continued the legislative programme: the South Africa Act (1910) enfranchised white people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of black people to sit in parliament,[35] the Native Land Act (1913) prevented blacks, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside "reserves",[35] the Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force black people into "locations",[36] the Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people, the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades, the Native Administration Act (1927) made the British Crown, rather than paramount chiefs, the supreme head over all African affairs,[37][better source needed] the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in the same year, the Representation of Natives Act removed previous black voters from the Cape voters' roll and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament. 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