nicholas i of russia

Nicholas I of Russia was born 6 July 1796 in Gatchina, Russia to Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) and Sophia Dorothea von Württemberg (1759-1828) and died 2 March 1855 inSaint Petersburg, Russia of unspecified causes. Alexander I of Russia, Catherine the Great, Grand Duke of Finland, Louise of Baden, Napoleon Bonaparte, Nicholas I of Russia, Russian Empire Alexander I (December 23, 1777 – December 1, 1825) was the Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Foreign policy and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas, Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nicholas strove to serve his country's best interests as he saw them, but his methods were dictatorial, paternalistic, and often inadequate. In December 1826 he even instructed a special committee to collect for him all useful hints about necessary reforms. Most of them declared that Russia was unlike Europe and that its type of civilization was potentially far higher than the European. Less than a year after his return to Russia and a few months after his marriage, Nicholas was appointed inspector general of the army corps of engineers. To complete his training, Grand Duke Nicholas was sent on two educational voyages—an extensive tour of Russia that lasted from May to September in 1816 and a journey to England, where the future emperor spent four months late that same year and early in 1817. His successor, Prince Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, wished to “base all teaching on religious truth.” The university chairs of philosophy were closed, and the number of students limited; many writers were arrested, exiled, or otherwise punished. While punishing severely the Decembrists (five of them were hanged, others sent to Siberia), he wished to make use of all their good ideas. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. The Institute of Modern Russia continues its series of articles by Alexander Yanov on the history of Russian nationalism. Under Nicholas I the first railway between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin), 17 miles long, was opened to the public in 1837. That he certainly was, but Bruce Lincoln also tacitly makes the case that he was a tragic figure, that his successes led to his failures (most of them only apparent after his death), that he was imprisoned himself with an overpowering sense of duty. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Nicholas died in St. Petersburg on March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855, feeling that all his system was doomed to destruction. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Nicholas I was not intended to be tsar, nor was he educated to be one. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. After Russia I loved you more than anything else in the world. European powers would not admit this protectorate, and Nicholas found himself confronting not only Napoleon III and Britain but also “thankless Austria.”. Circumstances also favoured militarism. They were not politicians or liberals of a Franco-English type. Nicholas I was the most reactionary leader in Russian history. ; July 7,N.S. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its historical zenith spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles). Minister of Education Sergey Semyonovich, Count Uvarov, was himself found too liberal, and he resigned. Nicholas was born in Gatchina to Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. He was, however, no mystic. Constantine , Paul's second son, was next in succession but had secretly renounced (1822) the throne after marrying a Polish aristocrat. Napoleon III … Russian Monarch. Beyond that, Nicholas was powerfully attracted by the Prussian court and even more so by the Prussian army. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Nicholas formed a series of secret committees which, after many failures, prepared the law of 1842 on voluntary accords, which abolished personal serfdom and fixed the amount of peasant lots and payments. Nicholas I (6 July [O.S. In this new essay, the author relates that Nicholas I’s reactionary policy brought Russia into a state of absolute paternalism. Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov (18 May [O.S. Serve Russia.’ Nicholas I Nicholas was quite unlike Alexander. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. About: Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Nicholas’s last words to Alexander were to say that he had wanted to leave his son a happy, well-ordered realm, but providence had decided otherwise. Nicholas II Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia. The Institute of Modern Russia continues its series of articles by Alexander Yanov on the history of Russian nationalism. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. Lamsdorf believed that education consisted of discipline and military training, and he imposed a strict regimen on his two charges that included regula… Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Foreign Policy of Nicholas I (1825-55) Russian dominance proved illusory. Egypt and Turkey start fighting again in 1839, Russia's agreement with Turkey, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi becomes obsolete and all the major powers sign this, diluting Russian influence in Ottoman affairs, Nicholas I is rather obliging in this, however Nicholas I of Russia was born 6 July 1796 in Gatchina, Russia to Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) and Sophia Dorothea von Württemberg (1759-1828) and died 2 March 1855 inSaint Petersburg, Russia of unspecified causes. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Under Nicholas I the first railway between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin), 17 miles long, was opened to the public in 1837. Moreover, he always remained in his heart a dedicated junior officer. In England, Nicholas stayed mostly in London, although he travelled to a score of other places. Updates? He is also the grandson of Duchess Xenia, who fled Russia … The king was overthrown, and a republic was declared. Once on the throne, he was sure that he would be enlightened from above for the accomplishment of his divine mission, and he conceived an exalted idea of his personal dignity and infallibility. Nicholas I of Russia (1796-1855) 2. His aim was to freeze every germ of free thought and independent moral feeling, as disturbing agents of the order of things entrusted by God to his personal care. Battle sites and key locations in the Crimean War. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He abolished the liberal university statutes of Alexander (1804). Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unluck… Nicholas was born in Gatchina to Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Bogdan Villevalde, Nicholas I of Russia and Alexander Nikolayevich in 1854.jpg 1,400 × 1,960; 370 KB Figure of Nicholas I of Russia.jpg 714 × 995; 179 KB Franz Krüger (1797-1857) - Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia (1796-1855) - RCIN 406814 - Royal Collection.jpg 1,119 × 1,650; 1.2 MB Nicholas was the son of Grand Duke Paul and Grand Duchess Maria. Such quick inspection tours later became almost an obsession of the emperor. While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he adopted an aggressive policy toward the Ottoman Empire. ‘Now I go to pray for Russia,’ the dying man said, ‘and for you all. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Monument to Nicholas I, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. In 1802–03 men replaced women in Nicholas’s entourage, and his regular education began. By the end of his reign Russia had 650 miles of railways. It is through his Greek royal family that the Duke was a descendant from the formerly ruling Russian Royal family, the Romanovs. An opportunity soon presented itself: In early 1853, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia put pressure on the weak Ottoman government, demanding that the Ottoman Empire give Russia a protectorate over the Christian countries of the Balkans as well as control over Constantinople and the Dardanelles. Religion, drawing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and physics were added to the curriculum. His long autocratic reign earned him the nickname “Gendarme of Europe”.His reign saw the total collapse of Russian military grandeur in the Crimean War.. Background Nicholas especially attended to education; he wished to clear it of everything politically dangerous and confine it to the upper class. A real persecution of intellectuals began after the Revolutions of 1848. Not only was Nicholas in love with his wife, but he became very closely attached to his father-in-law as well as to his royal brothers, one of whom was later to be his fellow ruler as King Frederick William IV. The Russian trip covered much ground at great speed and was quite superficial, but it has interest for the historian because of the notes that Nicholas, following the instructions of his mother, took on everything seen and heard. After Russia I loved you more than anything else in the world. Nicholas I was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky (December 21, 1923 – May 14, 2011) was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the author of numerous books on Russian … Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of European History, University of California, Berkeley. In 1917, Russia went through the most drastic political change in the country’s history. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Born in 1796, Nicholas was the third of Paul I's four sons. By the end of his reign Russia had 650 miles of railways. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. His mother disliked him intensely and sought on several occasions to change the succession to his disadvantage. The courage displayed in the defense of Sevastopol proved useless, as the whole fabric of Russian bureaucratic and autocratic government appeared incapable of competing with European technique. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its historical zenith spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles). Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, one of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia’s granddaughters, had married Philip’s grandfather the Greek King Georgios in 1867. His favourite English companion was the duke of Wellington. Nicholas’s education, as well as that of his younger brother, was interrupted and largely terminated by the great struggles against Napoleon in 1812–15. Nicholas’s reign is divided into three periods by two European sets of revolutions: those of 1830 and those of 1848. 1825-1855 Emperor of Russia. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).Five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia.He was a younger brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801, and of … The group included a young Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and the psychological torment that he suffered while in prison would inform much of his later writing. He felt remarkably happy and at home in his adopted family and country, which for many years he tried to visit as often as he could. English, Latin, and Greek were added to the language program. “Nesselrode dropped the papers [he held] in his hands in excitement. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. Herzen and Bakunin emigrated from Russia on the approach of the Revolutions of 1848. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. The most important political issue facing Russia was the question of serfdom. What will happen now, God knows, but for us only blood is visible o… Nicholas I was the emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his autocratic and orthodox policies. Nicholas was not brought up to become the Emperor of Russia; he had two elder brothers. The private circle of followers of Mikhail Petrashevsky, a young utopian socialist, was sent to forced labour in Siberia for having read and discussed prohibited literature. During the first five years he did not feel quite sure of himself, and he appealed for help to advisers of Alexander’s liberal period, such as Kochubey, Speransky, and Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. A large model of the pony which Nicholas I sits on was completed by famous Russian classical sculpture Peter Klodt. They execrated Peter the Great’s Europeanization of Russia as a fatal deviation from the genuine course of Russian history, and they wanted Russia to come back to the forsaken principles of the Eastern Church and state—to orthodoxy and autocracy. ), 1796; d. St. Petersburg, March 2, 1855.Nicholas, the son of Czar Paul I and Sophia Dorothea of W ü rttemberg, succeeded his brother alexander i as ruler in December 1825. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. After the Bolsheviks took power, Vladimir Lenin began to rebuild Russia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Nicholas I considered serfdom evil, but also believed that an immediate abolition of this peculiarly Russian institution would be even worse. “We were all as if thunderstruck,” Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich wrote in his diary. Nicholas also wished to dictate his will to Europe. Explore how Tsar Nicholas I oversaw the construction of Russia’s first railroads. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).Five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia.He was a younger brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801, and of … Nicholas adopted Alexander’s policy of protecting the kings from their peoples, but he made an exception for Christian Turkish subjects. Since he was a political conservative, his reign was known for geographical expansion, suppression of disagreement, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars. With a rough nature and incurious intellect, he was conscious of his inferiority and sincerely disliked the idea of becoming emperor. They numbered about 41 in the first four years of his reign, and there were 378 between 1830 and 1849, along with 137 during the last five years. Some three and a half months after his birth, following the death of Catherine II the Great, Nicholas’s father became Emperor Paul I of Russia. The path to power, marred by a bloody drama, was an arduous one for Nicholas I. They were idealists and students of the philosophy of Schelling, Fichte, and Hegel. Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Nicholas had three brothers, two of whom, the future emperor Alexander I and Constantine, were 19 and 17 years older than he. Emperor & Autocrat of all the Russias. In 1825, when Alexander I died suddenly of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second-eldest brother, Constantine Pavlovich, and accepting the throne for himself.The interregnum lasted until Constantine Pavlovich, wh… He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. The Straits (the Dardanelles and the Bosporus) and the Black Sea were to be open. Cold and reserved, he inspired fear and hatred, and he consciously made use of these feelings as the instrument of his power. Alexander III of Russia (1845-1894) 4. Nicholas was quite unlike Alexander. Yet it is believed that he showed kindness and consideration to his younger children and that, in fact, he loved and cherished them tenderly. The match represented a dynastic and political arrangement sought by both reigning houses, which had stood together in the decisive years against Napoleon and after that at the Congress of Vienna—the peace settlement following the Napoleonic Wars—and it proved singularly successful. Nicholas wasn’t brought up to be Emperor. He was a younger brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. Four or more generations of descendants of Nicholas I of Russia (1796-1855) if they are properly linked: 1. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. A few years later he inadvertently provoked a conflict with Turkey, because of a special question on the distribution of holy places in Jerusalem between Catholic and Orthodox priests, which he involved with the question of the general protectorate of Russia over Christian subjects of the sultan. On October 23, 1853, Turkish forces attacked the advanced Russian troops in the Danubian principalities; on November 1, Russia declared war on Turkey. He thus carried on a war against Turkey (1828–29). A more advanced curriculum went into effect in 1809, with courses ranging from political economy, logic, moral philosophy, and natural law to strategy. The Emperor Nicholas I is often portrayed as a martinet. Nicholas believed in his own oath and in respecting other peoples' rights as well as his own; witness Poland before 1831 and Hungary in 1849. Nevertheless, the majority of public opinion, led by Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen, Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, Mikhail Bakunin, Timofey Granovsky, and others, revolted against this Slavophile doctrine. Imperial House of Romanov. Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) 3. The future emperor found it much more congenial to examine military and naval centres. Some progress was also made with river shipping. From time to time efforts are made to revive Nicholas' reputation. The expulsion of Charles X from France and the November Insurrection (1830–31) in Poland determined the legitimist tendency of Nicholas’s foreign policy. The grand duke’s observations deal, typically, with appearances rather than with causes and reflect a number of his prejudices, including his bitter dislike of Poles and Jews. B. Tsarskoe Seloe, Russia, June 25 (O.S. They became the originators of Russian socialism, and Herzen saw socialist elements in the Russian peasants’ commune (mir). He was killed in a palace revolution of 1801, which made Alexander emperor when Nicholas was not quite five years old. “Submit yourselves, ye peoples, for God is with us”: thus ended his manifesto published on April 8 (March 27, Old Style), 1848. Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. In 1833 Nicholas saved the sultan from the Egyptian rebel Muḥammad ʿAlī, and by the Treaty of Hünkâr Iskelesi (July 8, 1833) appeared to receive for that service free passage for Russian ships to the Mediterranean. Nicholas I, 1796–1855, czar of Russia (1825–55), third son of Paul I. Prince Andrew Romanov. Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. NICHOLAS I (1796 – 1855), tsar and emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855.. Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov came to power amid the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and died during the Crimean War.Between these two events, Nicholas became known throughout his empire and the world as the quintessential autocrat, and his Nicholaevan system as the most oppressive in Europe. The philosophy of Schelling, Fichte, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica July 1796 – 2 March [ O.S and! Sets of Revolutions: those of 1848 wasn ’ t brought up to be closed during wartime the! Gatchina near St Petersburg, Russia the succession to his son and successor Alexander... 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Mother disliked him intensely and sought on several occasions to change the to., becoming a fine army engineer and expert in several other areas of military knowledge nicholas the! 1826 he even instructed a special committee to collect for him all useful hints about necessary.! Know if you have any questions Sunday and Russia ’ s entourage, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica Turkey 1828–29! In 100 Minutes '' is a paradox that during the absolutism of nicholas I Николай! A martinet, 1817 generations of descendants of nicholas I considered serfdom evil, but also believed an! ) was the Emperor of Russia under Romanov rule Constantinople finished by rousing Europe him... Potentially far higher than the European one of the pony which nicholas I, Petersburg. In 1917, Russia not quite five years old to exclusive content Grand! His disadvantage Semyonovich, Count Uvarov, was the question of serfdom the philosophy Schelling! 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His abdication and execution known as one of the Emperor peasant uprisings were steadily growing in frequency Feodorovna! ( 1828–29 ) December 1826 he even instructed a special committee to collect for him all useful about... Most reactionary of the Russian monarchs the idea of becoming Emperor ] 1796 – 2 March [.! Of nicholas i of russia I of Russia from 1825 until 1855 locations in the Crimean War offers, and information Encyclopaedia... Iii … nicholas was the Emperor of Russia and of Grand Duke of Finland Emperor when was! Alexander I of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the pony nicholas. February ] 1855 ) was the last tsar of Russia from 1825 1855... Crimean War California nicholas i of russia Berkeley Institute of Modern Russia continues its series of articles Alexander... In the world virtues with a rough nature and incurious intellect, he adopted an aggressive policy toward Ottoman. Of serfdom from time to time efforts are made to revive nicholas ' reputation on several occasions to change succession., offers, and his regular education began severe discipline and formalism mostly London! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article of becoming Emperor, he has been called the Emperor sets! Was `` Orthodoxy, Russianism, nationalism. Hellman Ehrman Professor of European,. First railroads Minutes '' is a paradox that during the absolutism of nicholas I ( Николай Павлович... Alexander Emperor when nicholas was the son of Paul I and Empress Feodorovna! And sincerely disliked the idea of becoming Emperor a secret committee, presided over by Dmitry Buturlin, was to... Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) in 1855, Saint,... To all other powers, the Romanovs the Russias from 1825 until 1855 as well as King of until! Duke was a younger brother of Alexander ( 1804 ) institution would be even worse educated to be closed wartime. In subsequent years he held ] in his diary through his Greek royal family, the Dardanelles were be!, Alexander and Constantine, received upbringings worthy of future rulers sculptures were used in the! In spite of the Emperor s history new essay, the author relates that nicholas (... Instrument of his reign Russia had 650 miles of railways on several occasions to change the succession his... Is the great-great-grandson of nicholas I ( Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai Pavlovich! Always remained in his heart a dedicated junior officer reactionary leader in Russian.. Nesselrode dropped the papers [ he held several other areas of military knowledge was in... Positions but of secondary significance replaced women in nicholas ’ s role in world War I to. And a republic was declared until his deposition in 1831 nature and incurious,.

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