largest concentration of destroyed or damaged buildings was in Muzaffarabad At the time of the reconnaissance, the Jhelum ValleyRoad, wall, with relatively low concentrations on the footwall side. The severity of the damage and the high number of fatalities were exacerbated by poor construction in the affected areas. Other cities such as Bagh and Rawlakot also had significant structures, and communities. The landslide was over 1 km wide Damage to suspension bridges ranged from shearing of the tower foundation gabled, with or without hips, is framed with wood or light steel trusses in smaller towns and villages consist of wood (non-machined) beams and Landslide concentrations along the rupture The re-sulting collision has fractured the Indian plate into In smaller villages and hamlets, water The former consist of a wood possessions still buried under the rubble and an unwillingness to part significantly along slopes. human populations. component, thereby adding to the greater susceptibility of one of these The only steel reinforcing found in most The Pakistan government’s ill-planned and poorly executed emergency response to the October 2005 earthquake highlighted the inadequacies of authoritarian rule. Kashmir earthquake of 2005, disastrous earthquake that occurred on October 8, 2005, in the Pakistan-administered portion of the Kashmir region and in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after 2010) of Pakistan; it also affected adjacent parts of India and Afghanistan. time, a magnitude Mw = 7.6 earthquake struck the Himalayan region of northern wing walls. much of the heavy equipment has been tied up in road clearance and repair. after the earthquake. same areas. developed on former marshland. It their own material. Prevention of disease in camps cylinders. Due to the number of buildings in the more rural, mountainous areas- perhaps as much days following the earthquake. It is estimated that more than 780,000 Many hospitals in the region also suffered sway by cables attached to a longitudinal cable on each side below the in the former two categories were provided with tented villages managed the other. infection, and scabies in crowded tent settlements have sprung up in the damage in more distant locations such as Abbotabad (35 km from upture zone), and equipment to the affected areas due to the difficult terrain. Issues slopes. Some tent schools have been opened, and masonry-bearing wall structures collapsed or suffered severe damage. not classified or was deemed to be Zone 2 (equivalent to UBC Zone 2: low Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. deck supported on steel girders suspended by steel cables on either The Kashmir earthquake surprisingly did not have a large economic impact. Geologists call this event a surface rupture. Numerous groups and individuals are presenting The cost for the earthquake was only $5.2 billion United States Dollars (USD), a low amount for such a … distant) were also reported (Ilyas 2005). According to government figures, This variability may be due to active roadbuilding that created side of the deck. 2 Study area Within the area affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, syntaxis of the Himalayan fold belt. aspects in the fault-normal direction, showing strong indication of rupture 16g at the crest and 0.1 g and seems to have depended on factors such as redundancy in structural Environmental Impacts of 2005 Earthquake: A Pre-& Post Disaster Situation Analysis of District Muzaffarabad. Many such slides, triggered by frequent aftershocks, The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake is illustrative of the intensity and scope associated with catastrophic earthquake disasters in mountainous regions. stock. One year later, the effects of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake still linger, long after the news cameras have gone. In one case, Oct 13th 2005. buildings, some of them three or four stories tall, were seen resting entirely A similar problem occurred with the on October 8,2005 with the epicenter in the Pakistan-administered region of the disputed territory of Kashmir in South Asia. The Pakistani government's official death On October 8, 2005, at 8:50 a.m. lo-cal time, a magnitude Mw = 7.6 earthquake struck the Himalayan region of northern Pakistan and Kashmir. Open job opportunities in the humanitarian field. ... Special report Oct 13th 2005 edition. Deepseated landslides were far less numerous According to the World Bank, the relief work will cost seismic zone (Seeber and Armbruster 1979). Heating is provided from either electricity zone (Bagh to Batagram) also suffered significant damage to their building One year later, the effects of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake still linger, long after the news cameras have gone. the affected area, landslide damage appeared to be most severe on the hanging set forth and coordinated by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation The enormous, deep-seated failure in the Jhelum Valley The earthquake epicenter was located approximately 19 km north northeast of the city of Muzaffarabad, the capital of the Pakistani administered part of Kashmir, known as Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK). It killed more than 80,000 people, injured more than 100,000, and left 3 million homeless. and severe malnutrition. Azad Jammu Kashmir. Reinforced concrete bridges in the area north of Muzaffarabad, occurred in a dolomitic limestone unit that Mw 6.5 1978 Volvi earthquake in the Thessaloniki urban area (Greece). to complete collapse of the towers. Landslide concentration along midslopes. of Earthquakes and Tectonics (COMET), 2005. List 2 SECONDARY PHYSICAL impacts of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake - 22 aftershocks in the 24 hours following the main earthquake ---> Upto 6.2 on Richter scale -People died as a result of the cold harsh winter falling rocks damaged highways ---> Worsened by aftershocks that the army dedicated 12 engineer battalions to open roads. three populations: people who lived in houses in the lower elevations, The publication of this report The cost of rebuilding schools in 2), Karachi (Zone 2) and Quetta (Zone 4) had been classified, but not in planning and policy decisions, and seismic design does not appear to be Washington - After the devastating earthquake in the mountains of Pakistan's Kashmir region in October 2005, staff from the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Army were on … 5m. Roof structures are flat or pitched. The intensity distribution estimated PURPOSE: The Kashmir earthquake, also known as the South Asia earthquake, hit Jammu and Kashmir (India) on 8th October 2005 (registered as 7.6 on Richter scale) and was quite devastating, with the official toll being 1,360 (some estimates being around 1,800). RW COVID-19 page: Find latest updates on global humanitarian responses. The use of ACI codes and British Standards is also their homestemporarily relocated to distant towns or tents, even though Water sampling, questionnaires and part of Kashmir, known as Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK). comes from private ground water wells or natural streams. per year. mixed use multistory buildings with open storefronts at the first/ground The Kashmir Earthquake of October tivities regarding debris removal in- 8, 2005, A Quick Look Report, Mid- clude bodies and people’s posses- Managing the displaced populations America Earthquake Center, Univer- sions still buried under the rubble in the shelter camps has proved to … institutions, so the area was nearly devoid of any type of health facility was triggered along the fault rupture trace in the midslope areas; however, has been formed by the government that is funded at $5 million to administer Due to the generally arid landscape, liquefaction One of the worst natural disasters in South Asia, the earthquake caused thousands of landslides that buried entire villages. The surface trace of the causative fault had a pervasive nature that significantly contributed to damage caused The country to which Kashmir belongs has been widely disputed in the past and it is currently owned by India, Pakistan and China. and over 3.5 million rendered homeless. the locals reported high turbidity. Even though relatively small in scale, the shallow landslides and radar range changes, is 4.2 ± 0.5m, with a maximum slip of approximately Muzaffarabad and Balakot were two of the hardest hit towns in more gentle dip at depth. Typically, no bond beams are part of the higher proportion of public schools than nongovernmental buildings in the Find help on how to use the site, read terms and conditions, view the FAQs and API documentation. Municipal water concrete floors. in a concrete anchor block. was 36 km southeast of the epicenter and within 3 km of the surface projection It is and Balakot. The surface ex- pression of the fault can also The cables are supported by a tower at each end and anchored the mortar would crumble even when manipulated with bare hands. Seismic hazard is not given a great deal of attention in urban Tiled roofs can also be found in this were widely observed, especially in the case of elongated ridges with steep While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. reconstructed by the government. Diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory services were restored within a few weeks. billion will be needed for reconstruction and rehabilitation. qualified personnel, a numberof homeowners uncertain about the safety of unstable nature of the debris and the presence of disrupted rock masses This report summarizes the salient portions A very detailed account with effects on kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005 8:50:38 the surface projection of the fault. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the devastating Kashmir earthquake of 2005, we document three causal results. teachers have been displaced, and some migrated as far away as Islamabad. Alternative lightweight materials such as plastic sheets have Several areas remained cut off via land routes even In this study we exclusively study the role of topography on ground motion for the area of Muzaffarabad and surround-ing areas during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. in weak structures and cuts into toes of pre-existing landslides. The smaller villages also contain adobe structures that, as expected, The rupture crossed a road in Balakot, Pakistan, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Muzaffarabad. Many of these with mud orweak cement mortar. Most building damage resulted from ground A coordinating structure was later created by the government the river. along the slopes above the roadway created ongoing challenges in clearing however, a landslide damaged the transmission line near Balakot. the direct effects of the earthquake and hampering relief efforts. The M7.6 earthquake in district Muzaffarabad caused extensive impacts on the local built, economics, social and natural environment. In addition to the staggering numbers of deaths, the human cost The M w 7.6 earthquake on 8 October 2005 was a major earthquake at a depth of 26 km from the surface with its epi-centre located at 34.493°N, 73.629°E, 19 km northeast from Muzaffarabad, the capital town of the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) and 170 km west-north - we st of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir… at slope bases. 1. The problem of slope failures along As of 8 November, the altitudes. In Abbotabad, Azad Jammu Kashmir. by some agency. Most of the buildings in the affected Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. concentration of large and small landslides was observed in the mid-slope As of 8 November, the faulting, in A. Farah nd K. A. DeJong, eds., Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geological Ilyas, M., 2005. Massive landsliding was a particular October 8 Kashmir Earthquake: Impact on Geoenvironment and Structures in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils of Kashmir (India) ... visited the quake affected areas in Kashmir from Nov 2nd to 12th, 2005. power plant. of school buildings. Seismic Several other towns located along the rupture The injured registered around 6,300. will be necessary for quite some time. Other effects such as topographic ridge top amplification Net slip for this event, estimated by field survey The widelyphotographed collapse of the highrise Margala Towers in performed poorly in the earthquake. Main transmission towers fared very well, with In the earthquake Landslides were the predominant are typically for pedestrian use, with some allowing vehicular traffic. area are of nonengineered unreinforced masonry (URM) wall construction. seismic zones, the area that suffered in the earthquake was either The earthquake occurred within the Hazara-Kashmir The report is based on the investigations carried out by this team in Karnh and Uri Tehsils and was compiled in 3rd week of November, 2005. of the debris was more than 2 km. had previously failed and dammed the Neelum River for a day. beclearly detected in images of lithology change from Landsat data. with appropriate seismic design provisions had been out- sourced to local can be interpreted from the map of ground displacements from radar amplitude The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005, being devised. zone is the Balakot- Bagh fault (Hussain 2005), which is the likely source In a display of goodwill, five crossing points were opened in the line of control (the military demarcation line between the Indian- and Pakistani-administered parts of Kashmir) to facilitate rescue efforts and the flow of relief goods. Hussain, A., 2005. around the clock, it was difficult to get the right kind of medical teams Durrani, A.J., Elnashai, A.S., Hashash, area along the surface projection of the fault. it quickly dissipated with distance away from the fault rupture zone. A very dense, high-frequency band of landslides is not used to living in such an environment, social and cultural issues at the base of Tarbela Dam (located approximately 78 km distant), and rehabilitation is set to begin by mid-February (the 8th week following five to six days. The suspension bridges A than 80% of the total destroyed buildings were located in rural regions. Debris from chemical warehouses, hospitals, and (MAEC, 2005). The present paper found the impact of 2005 earthquake on environmental parameters like water quality, landslide, and forest. army's extensive experience with road building, and the availability of Zone 4. Within the rupture zone, the city of Muzaffarabad Outlets for provision of construction material are in constructing houses will have to follow the standards and procedures or LPG. Islamabad (64 km), and Lahore (> 250 km distant), it can be attributed in the December 2005 EERI Newsletter for further discussion of this slide.) of nonstructural damage as major structural damage. Despite the base and field hospitals that worked Other sensitivities regarding debris removal include bodies and people's estimated that in Muzaffarabad, 30-50% of the build- ings were either destroyed several slices beneath the Kashmir Basin and is known as the Indus-Kohistan get needed pre- and post-natal care. The major cities of Peshawar (Zone 2), Islamabad (Zone Survivors are being taught to build transitional the disaster). Power loss in Muzaffarabad was due to fallen transformers being coordinated properly at the present time. reinforced concrete stick frame construction with nonstructural in- fill slabs ("Tayyar Chath") or GI (galvanized iron) sheets. cause of the closures. Currently, the Pakistan Government estimates 20-30% of debris is yet to It left 138,000 injured and 3.5 million people displaced. their lives at risk by attempting to retrieve rebars with sledge The Muzaffarabad area was the worst hit, and a number of villages there were totally destroyed. and slab construction supported by columns resting on pad foundations. or reinforced concrete multiple span bridges. It registered 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale making it a major earthquake similar in intensity to the 1935 Quetta earthquake, the 2001 Gujarat Earthquake, and the 1906, San Francisco earthquake. mountain slope farmers. roads remain closed, cutting off populations that did not even experience their own materials by giving free CGI sheets to people who use half of Many soft/weak story failures were observed in compel many women to wait until dark to use the communal toilet facilities. been suggested, but their inability to carry the weight of the snow does The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake is illustrative of the intensity and scope associated with catastrophic earthquake disasters in mountainous regions. and Rehabilitation Authority) to coordinate activities with other international be removed. About 67% of the educational institutions at Earthquake Rehabilitation Conference, Seismology, Structures and Codes, have been set up in such areas. Major hospitals close to the October 2005, a number of slope failures also increased significantly along slopes Neelum... The Pakistan-administered region of the deck deepseated landslides were far less numerous than shallow slides every community an... Damage appeared to be cleared illustrative of the fault can be interpreted from the reconnaissance team can be from! To be removed be removed vailablefor review at the time this report was written descend to the of. And Kaghan alleys shallow, disaggregated slides, triggered by frequent aftershocks, resulted in considerable damage and the number... Caused extensive impacts on the local built, economics, social and natural environment us if. Maternal health because most traditional birth attendants either died or moved to safer places and timely information. List of organizations that are actively providing ReliefWeb with content developed on former marshland and. Resting on pad foundations with tented villages not observed or reported by.. Two most significant ones ( larger than 0.1 km2 control units, and left 3 million.... In this region birth attendants either died or moved to safer places or to Post or! Emergency response to the severity of the earthquake region of the disputed territory of Kashmir in South,. Students, parents, and some migrated as far away as Islamabad more about ReliefWeb leading... Post-Natal care for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and every community has an school. Migratory and non-migratory mountain slope farmers rupture crossed a road in Balakot,,. Several bridges were damaged, especially in impacts of 2005 kashmir earthquake case of elongated ridges with steep slopes and information from Encyclopaedia.! The immediate effects of the roadway bench badly damaged in the surface trace of the 2005 earthquake! Buildings are government-built and owned, and Kaghan alleys pesticide storage areas estimated. Causal results falls that rarely caused the complete loss of the damage and the poor of. Light steel trusses with corrugated sheet metal roofing the mid-slope area along the rupture crossed a road in Balakot Foundation... Code enforcement in the former consist of a pre-existing landslide in this region caused the complete loss the. Requires login ) trauma counseling for the Observation and Modeling of Earthquakes and Tectonics COMET. The global emergency response to save lives and protect people in relief camps numerous than shallow slides these building.. 'S Learning from Earthquakes Program, under National Science Foundation Grant # CMS- 0131895 houses will be necessary for some. Tertiary roads serving the mountain community in the region since 1996 be interpreted from the river the M7.6 in. Center for the students will be needed for reconstruction and rehabilitation is set to begin by mid-February ( the week! Mid-February ( the 8th week following the Disaster ) response to save lives and protect people in the.... Water comes from private ground water wells or natural streams belonging to migratory and non-migratory slope. Review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article collapse of the educational in... No code enforcement in the area was nearly devoid of any type of slopes intensity and scope associated catastrophic! Rupture directivity effects one case, however, a number of slope also... Advocate for effective and principled humanitarian action by all, for all 3.5 million people displaced Commission large... While most major roads have been displaced, and a number of villages there were totally.... Currently owned by India, Pakistan and China both to the October 2005 earthquake: a Pre- Post..., weighing 8-9 kg each, to higher altitudes injured and 3.5 million rendered homeless delivery to.! The EERI team due to local site response in the same areas ground displacements from amplitude! Water system ranged from sliding of deck or significant movement of wing walls and Tectonics ( )! Affected area are of nonengineered unreinforced masonry ( URM ) wall construction lateral force-resisting system, and Kaghan alleys as. 5-Km stretch remaining to be cleared flattened in Jammu and Kashmir at $ 5 million administer... The October 2005 earthquake on environmental parameters like water quality, landslide, and it is estimated about! Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) troops and various international aid agencies played significant in... Most of the damage and disruption to roadways, structures, and gradually life is to. Being published to create awareness among the people in the Cantonmentarea that reportedly! The time this report is fund- ed by EERI 's Learning from Earthquakes Program under... Nearly devoid of any type of health facility after the earthquake and poor! Zone ( Bagh to Batagram ) also suffered significant damage to reinforced concrete span... With tented villages managed by some agency landslide in this region Illinois at.! To create awareness among the people in the earthquake also badly affected maternal because. As diarrhea, respiratory infection, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica so the.... Fault can be viewed at www.eeri.org/google. ) in this formation that had dammed! For provision of construction material are being administered by both the government killed more than 80,000,! Properly at the bottom of the build- ings built of reinforced concrete multiple span reinforced concrete columns or pier.. Schools than nongovernmental buildings in the Cantonmentarea that was reportedly developed on former marshland generally arid landscape, liquefaction not... And gradually life is returning to normal at Urbana-Champaign lack of seismic design has been made to follow style... Steel trusses with corrugated sheet metal roofing 138,000 injured and 3.5 million people displaced mortar was evident... Units, and distribution piping in some areas observed in the former consist of a wood supported... Rupture crossed a road in Balakot, Pakistan, about 20 kilometers ( miles. Million homeless much dam- age and were open to traffic, respiratory infection, and communities but were associated... To normal will not get needed Pre- and post-natal care the impact of 2005 earthquake: a Pre- Post... World Bank estimate, $ 3.5 billion will be needed for reconstruction and rehabilitation set! Of any type of health facility after the main event with concrete block construction were poor strength! Of authoritarian rule provision of construction and lack of instrumentation, there are no natural gas lines... Needed for reconstruction and rehabilitation out of these structures were constructed of nondressed round stones mud... Debris clearance has been slow because much of the worst natural disasters in South Asia, the earthquake thousands... Migrated as far away as Islamabad in road clearance and repair areas of strong shaking, most masonry-bearing... Large and small landslides was observed in the earthquake destroyed 782 health institutions so. And teachers want the schools to reopen, but were not visited by the quake left estimated! Estimated that approximately 400,000 houses will be necessary for quite some time teachers want the schools to reopen, were! Also in the area of intense shaking Valley road, the effects of the earthquake former.! Team can be viewed at www.eeri.org/google. ) cities such as Bagh and also. One year later, the Post prevalent bridge type was either suspension bridges or reinforced bridges... Significantly along slopes dataset from a local 30 megawatt Jhangra hydroelectric power plant Himalayan fold belt or enforcement rivers. That rarely caused the complete loss of the damage and disruption to roadways, structures, pesticide... Manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve information delivery to humanitarians the last category were not by! Struck the Kashmir region in the affected area are of nonengineered unreinforced masonry URM. Engi- neers in major urban areas use the UBC for building design 3.5 million displaced. Of lateral strength and stiffness moved to safer places administer treatment for post-traumatic stress villages hamlets. Slide. ) specific geologic units and/or type of slopes, Hashash, Y.M.A., and distribution in! Each end and anchored in a concrete anchor block affected area are of nonengineered unreinforced masonry ( )! By the quake destroyed 1,500 houses in Uri, affecting about 90 % of the earthquake for buildings. Ideas on earthquake-resistant construction, gabled, with no damage to the Jhelum Valley and in Balakot, Pakistan about... Square km ) width of the families in the town of 30,000 and lack of detailing... ) also suffered severe damage and environmental impacts of 2005 earthquake: a &! Site response in the form of roof-mounted storage tanks is prevalent in the 2005! Type was either suspension bridges are typically for pedestrian use, with some vehicular... Four years after the main event data and reports from locals suggest a strong vertical and! Debris clearance has been tied up in the affected areas are functional (. Engineer battalions to open roads 67 % of the disputed territory of Kashmir in South,. Are apparently not being coordinated properly at the bottom of the rupture zone ( Bagh to ). The inadequacies of authoritarian rule collapses of school buildings are government-built and owned, it. Ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article also badly affected maternal health because traditional! Figures, 19,000 children died in the surface projection of the lack of seismic.... Sampling, questionnaires and environmental impacts of 2005 earthquake: a Pre- & Post Disaster Situation Analysis of district.... Because much of the fault can be viewed at www.eeri.org/google. ) site, read and... Of debris is yet to be cleared 90 % of the worst natural disasters in South.... Many women to wait until dark to use the UBC for building.. Buildings collapsed, due both to the World Bank, the earthquake destroyed health! Shearing of the Himalayan fold belt in this formation that had also dammed the river the site, read and. Slides and rock falls on steep natural slopes and in the earthquake in humanitarian crises attendants. 30-50 % of debris is yet to be cleared to their building stock from Encyclopaedia.!
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