Roosevelt Institute. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. “Research Bulletin Relief and Rehabilitation in the Drought Area,” Page 3. The series features the voices of Patricia Clarkson, Peter Coyote, and Carolyn McCormick. Dust Bowl Ballads: Woody Guthrie. EH.net. About 6,500 people died in the first one year of the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl. A few will allow the grasslands that once dominated to return. Guthrie, an Oklahoma native, left his home state with thousands of others looking for work during the Dust Bowl. Some of these carried Great Plains topsoil as far east as Washington, D.C. and New York City, and coated ships in the Atlantic Ocean with dust. Farmers tore up even more grassland in an attempt to harvest a bumper crop and break even. Synopsis In the mid 1930s, North America's Great Plains faced one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in world history. That will provide habitat for wildlife, making the area attractive to hunters and ecotourists alike. The Dust Bowl was a natural disaster that devastated the Midwest in the 1930s. What Has Climate Change Cost Us? This four-hour documentary film series chronicles the decade-long, man-made ecological disaster known as “The Dust Bowl,” which affected 100 million acres of land in Texas, Oklahoma, and adjacent states in the 1930s. Occasionally, these dust storms would be so severe that they'd blow across to the East Coast, affecting more than one region of the United States. Billowing clouds of dust would darken the sky, sometimes for days at a time. Think of this, but imagine it a thousands times worse and you may have some idea of what it was like to It is part oral history, using compelling interviews of 26 survivors of those hard times—what will probably be the last recorded testimony of the generation that lived through the Dust Bowl. Accessed June 9, 2020. Accessed June 9, 2020. The Dust Bowl, also known as “the Dirty Thirties,” started in In response, the federal government created the Surplus Relief Corporation. That made sure excess farm output went to feed the poor. After that, Congress appropriated the first funds earmarked for drought relief.. The Dust Bowl was caused by several economic and agricultural factors, including federal land policies, changes in regional weather, farm economics and other cultural factors. The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas and is home to a $20-billion-a-year industry that grows one-fifth of the United States’ wheat, corn, and beef cattle. It supplies about 30% of the nation's irrigation water., At the current rate of use, the groundwater will be gone within the century. The first drought ravaged 23 states in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Donald Worster's classic chronicle of the devastating years between 1929 and 1939 tells the story of the Dust Bowl in ecological as well as human terms. April 27, 1935 Congress declares soil erosion “a national menace” in an … The Dust Bowl could happen again. So much static electricity built up between the … Estimates range from hundreds to several thousand people. From 1935 to 1940, roughly 250,000 Oklahoma migrants moved to California. The period is also known as the Dirty Thirties for it took place in 1930s. It deposited mounds of dirt on everything, even covering houses. The Dust Bowl brought ecological, economical and human misery to America during a time when it was already suffering under the Great Depression. READ MORE: How the Dust Bowl Made Americans Refugees in Their Own Country. "The Dust Bowl." Accessed June 9, 2020. The soil became so dry that it turned to dust. “The Final Frontiers, 1880-1930: Settling the Southern Bottomlands,” Page 84. Encyclopedia.com. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Imagine a huge dust cloud swallowing up your home to the point that it can barely be seen. In many places, the dust drifted like snow and residents had to clear it with shovels. Many lived in shantytowns called “Hoovervilles" named after then-President Herbert Hoover. The Dust Bowl caused farmers to lose their homes and livelihoods. “Mortality Statistics 1936,” Page 138. Although cable news and the internet weren’t around to sensationalize the prolonged event, the Great Plains, and Southern Plains were devastated by the damage. Roughly 2.5 million people left the Dust Bowl states—Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma—during the 1930s. An Associated Press news report coined the term “Dust Bowl” after the Black Sunday dust storm. The massive dust storms caused farmers to lose their livelihoods and their homes. A wall of blowing sand and dust started in the Oklahoma Panhandle and spread east. AWS. This false belief was linked to Manifest Destiny—an attitude that Americans had a sacred duty to expand west. Rising wheat prices in the 1910s and 1920s and increased demand for wheat from Europe during World War I encouraged farmers to plow up millions of acres of native grassland to plant wheat, corn and other row crops. Areas of Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, … "The Dust Bowl." But those refugees weren’t from other countries, they were Americans and former inhabitants of the Great Plains and the Midwest who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Dust ...read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It also devastated the northern two-thirds of the Texas panhandle. Oklahoma, North Dakota, and South Dakota reported 120 degrees. Tall prairie grass once protected the topsoil of the Midwest. The Dust Bowl got its name after Black Sunday, April 14, 1935. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Dust Bowl was a dark period in time in American history and affected the entirety of the Great Plains, including Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The American Presidency Project. Photographer Dorothea Lange documented rural poverty with a series of photographs for FDR’s Farm Securities Administration. Accessed June 9, 2020. All Rights Reserved. “Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States,” Pages 103-104. Those who remain will switch to wheat, sorghum, and other sustainable, low-water crops. NASA. A series of drought years followed, further exacerbating the environmental disaster. “Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover,” Page 16. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Library of Congress. The Dust Bowl is a 2012 American television documentary miniseries directed by Ken Burns which aired on PBS on November 18 and 19, 2012. By 1934, it was estimated that 100 million acres of farmland had lost all or most of the topsoil to the winds. “Records of the Surplus Marketing Administration.” Accessed June 9, 2020. “Tapping Unsustainable Groundwater Stores for Agricultural Production in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas, Projections to 2110.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Regular rainfall returned to the region by the end of 1939, bringing the Dust Bowl years to a close. Abandoned farmstead in the Dust Bowl region of Oklahoma, showing the effects of wind erosion, 1937. 1 Unsustainable farming practices worsened the drought’s effect, killing the crops that kept the soil in place. Art projects were a major part of this series of federal relief programs, like the Public Works of Art Project, the Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture and the Treasury Relief Art Project. It reached the northeastern part of New Mexico, most of southeastern Colorado, and the western third of Kansas. It covered 100 million acres in an area that was 500 miles by 300 miles., There were four waves of droughts, one right after another. NOAA. Arthur Rothstein, photographer, 1936. Years of over-cultivation meant the soil lost its richness. National Archives. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Louisiana experienced 116 consecutive days of 90-degree days between June 6 and Sept. 29, 1939., By 1941, rainfall levels had returned to near-normal levels. The mother squints into the distance, one hand lifted to her mouth and anxiety etched deep in the lines on ...read more, The Super Bowl is an enormously popular sporting event that takes place each year to determine the championship team of the National Football League (NFL). When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief ...read more, During the 1930s, America went through one of its greatest challenges: the Great Depression. The Great Okie Migration. FDR and the New Deal Response to an Environmental Catastrophe. Accessed June 9, 2020. ● Migrants, forced to move away from their homes, suffered from inadequate shelter, inadequate … Accessed June 9, 2020. The heatwave reached across the continent, from California, with a high of 118 degrees, through Michigan, with 112 degrees, to Pennsylvania, at 111 degrees. "The Porcine Slaughter of the Innocents." The Southern Plains in the 1930s. In the first night of Ken Burns's THE DUST BOWL, feel the full force of the worst manmade environmental disaster in America's history as survivors recall the terror of the dust storms, the... 8.7 Once the water in the Ogallala Aquifer runs out, the Great Plains might become the site of yet another Dust Bowl. These programs put local farmers to work planting trees as windbreaks on farms across the Great Plains. It was the worst drought in North America in 1,000 years. Unsustainable farming practices worsened the drought’s effect, killing the crops that kept the soil in place. Farmers could not produce enough food to eat. More than two-thirds were farmers. Total assistance was estimated at $1 billion in 1930s dollars. The Dust Bowl worsened the effects of the Great Depression. The Dust Bowl, also known as “the Dirty Thirties,” started in 1930 and lasted for about a decade, but its long-term economic impacts on the region lingered much longer. In 1932, 14 dust storms were recorded on the Plains. region – the . Accessed June 9, 2020. NASA. On May 11, 1934, a massive dust storm two miles high traveled 2,000 miles to the East Coast, blotting out monuments such as the Statue of Liberty and the U.S. Capitol. Millions of fans gather around televisions on a Sunday in January or February to celebrate this de facto national holiday. Accessed June 9, 2020. The Dust Bowl captured the imagination of the nation’s artists, musicians and writers. It successfully increased prices by at least 20%. A hungry nation protested the waste of food. Prices for the crops they could grow fell below subsistence levels. This combination also creates tornadoes. For five hours, a fog of prairie dirt enshrouded ...read more, Eight decades ago hordes of migrants poured into California in search of a place to live and work. I. Chs. Dust Bowl Migration. Great Plains. Kimberly Amadeo is an expert on U.S. and world economies and investing, with over 20 years of experience in economic analysis and business strategy. Scientists say it would take 6,000 years to refill the aquifer.. “DC Invaded by a Dust Storm From Midwest.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Accessed June 9, 2020. “NASA Explains ‘Dust Bowl’ Drought.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Although Baca County experienced the brunt of the Dust Bowl, dust storms occurred as far north as Burlington in Kit Carson County and Julesburg in Sedgwick County. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. “America From the Great Depression to World War II: Black and White Photographs From the FSA and OWI, ca. In August, Texas saw 120-degree record-breaking temperatures., Heat and drought returned. In 1933, there were 38 storms. Population declines in the worst-hit counties—where the agricultural value of the land failed to recover—continued well into the 1950s. NOAA. When the jet stream moved south, the rain never reached the Great Plains.. “Herbert Hoover, President-Philanthropist.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Accessed June 9, 2020. Dust suffocated livestock and caused pneumonia in children. At its worst, the storm blew dust to Washington, D.C.. The American Presidency Project. 25th Anniversary Edition. Arizona recorded the highest temperature, 121 degrees (not a state record at the time). … What's Being Done? The worst “black blizzard” of the Dust Bowl occurs, causing extensive damage. Philanthropy Daily. More and more dust storms had been blowing up in the years leading up to that day. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. ISBN: 9780195174885. “Children of the Dust.” Accessed June 9, 2020. The Dust Bowl made the Great Depression even worse. By 1934, an estimated 35 million acres of formerly cultivated land had been rendered useless for farming, while another 125 million acres—an area roughly three-quarters the size of Texas—was rapidly losing its topsoil. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. Oklahoma alone lost 440,000 people to migration. In 1932, the federal government sent aid to the drought-affected states. The Dust Bowl encompassed the entire Great Plains, stretching from southwestern Kansas into southeastern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico, and the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. Once farmers settled the prairies, they plowed over 5.2 million acres of the deep-rooted grass. But as the United States entered the Great Depression, wheat prices plummeted. National Weather Service. The clouds never received enough moisture to create rain., The Dust Bowl affected the entire Midwest. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to relieve the dire economic situation with his New Deal programs. During the time period of ‘Of Mice and Men’, there was quite a bit of changes throughout the farm land of America. Histories of the National Mall. Did New Deal Program Help End the Great Depression? The combination weakened and changed the direction of the jet stream. ...read more, On October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. National Drought Mitigation Center. Many of these late nineteenth and early twentieth century settlers lived by the superstition “rain follows the plow.” Emigrants, land speculators, politicians and even some scientists believed that homesteading and agriculture would permanently affect the climate of the semi-arid Great Plains region, making it more conducive to farming. Without deep-rooted prairie grasses to hold the soil in place, it began to blow away. Publication Date - September 2004. The Dust Bowl was the name given to an area of the Great Plains (southwestern Kansas, Oklahoma panhandle, Texas panhandle, northeastern New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado) that was devastated by nearly a decade of drought and soil erosion during the 1930s. Oklahoma Historical Society. Dust Bowl. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established a number of measures to help alleviate the plight of poor and displaced farmers. 1935-1945.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Retail Price to Students: $21.95. Dust Bowl. The affected regions could not recover before the next one hit.. The Soil Erosion Service, now called the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) implemented new farming techniques to combat the problem of soil erosion. Google Books. Google Books. “Climatic Change and Human Activities,” Page 111. She is the President of the economic website World Money Watch. Filmmaker Ken … Parts of the Midwest still have not recovered., As the dust storms grew, they intensified the drought. It was the worst drought in North America in 1,000 years. Crop prices dropped significantly, and the federal government provided aid to these states in 1932. Over 130 counties lost more than half of their planted acreage. Between 1933 and 1934, almost one in 20 farmers were forced to lose their property., On April 27, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Soil Conservation Act to help farmers learn how to plant in a more sustainable way., The drought returned with the hottest summer on record. It also was the deadliest heatwave in U.S. history with 5,000 fatalities.. In July, as the heatwave spread, 22 states reported temperatures over 110 degrees. The phenomenon was caused by the dryland farming method and severe level of draught. “National Climate Report - May 2018 Regional Warmest Summer.” Accessed June 9, 2020. President Herbert Hoover did not want the federal government to help., Instead, Hoover created the National Drought Relief Committee to coordinate nonprofit resources. The Red Cross distributed surplus wheat and cotton to drought victims. It supplied $5 million to plant seeds. Hoover, as head of the Red Cross, organized a successful $10 million fundraising campaign., This was the hottest year on record until 1998. The 1934 drought led, the following year, to “Black Sunday,” the worst storm of the Dust Bowl, on April 14, 1935., The drought caused 46.6 million acres of crops to fail in 1935. era where a terrible wind blew dirty and loose sand wreaed havoc on society "The Worst Drought in 1,000 Years." During the Dust Bowl someone went outside then had to change their clothes again before going to church. 1. The former farmers and their families' presence simply added to cities' unemployment problems. Population and Environment. University of California at Davis. To justify the need for those projects, the government employed photographers ...read more, It’s one of the most iconic photos in American history. John Steinbeck memorialized the plight of the Okies in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the ...read more. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/dust-bowl. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. As a result, the land cooled. That air current carries moisture from the Gulf of Mexico up toward the Great Plains. In some counties, it was as high as 90%.. While “black blizzards” constantly menaced Plains states in the 1930s, a massive dust storm 2 miles high traveled 2,000 miles before hitting the East Coast on May 11, 1934. The Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s plays an important and complicated role in the way Americans talk about the history of poverty and public policy in their country. When winds blew, they raised enormous clouds of dust. “The Dust Bowl.” Accessed June 9, 2020. Farmers could no longer grow crops as the land turned into a desert. The Dust Bowl: The Worst Environmental Disaster in the United States South of Lamar, Colorado, a large dust cloud appears behind a truck traveling on highway 59, May 1936. Artist Alexander Hogue painted Dust Bowl landscapes. (Library of Congress) The Dust Bowl and drought devastated some farm families in the early 1930's, such as this 32 year old mother of seven. Okie Migrations. The worst dust storm occurred on April 14, 1935. How the Dust Bowl Made Americans Refugees in Their Own Country, English Department; University of Illinois. The Dust Bowl had many causes and effects. Many of them, poverty-stricken, traveled west looking for work. “85th Anniversary of April 1935 Dust Storm (Black Sunday).” Accessed June 9, 2020. The drought and dust destroyed a large part of U.S. agricultural production. “Dust Bowl.” Accessed June 9, 2020. "The Black Sunday Dust Storm of April 14, 1935." Dust is too much for this farmer's son in Cimarron County, Oklahoma. READ MORE: Did New Deal Program Help End the Great Depression? The economic effects, however, persisted. Sess. A twenty-fifth anniversary edition of Donald Worster's classic chronicle of Dust Bowl . “Okie” soon became a term of disdain used to refer to any poor Dust Bowl migrant, regardless of their state of origin. This was during the Depression, when food was in short supply. In June, 13 states experienced record temperatures of 110 degrees or higher: Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Missouri, Indiana, South Dakota, Montana, Mississippi, and Kentucky. “Statement on the Organization of Drought Relief.” Accessed June 9, 2020. The Dust Bowl, Its Causes, Impact, With a Timeline and Map, Why Drought Is the Biggest Climate Change Worry for Most Americans, These 35 Photos Show the Economic Impact of the Great Depression, Natural Disasters Are a Bigger Threat Than Terrorism, Why Floods Are a More Dangerous Threat Than Terrorism, The Effects of Each Additional Degree of Global Warming. While the economic decline caused by the Great Depression played a role, it was hardly the only guilty party. After the Civil War, a series of federal land acts coaxed pioneers westward by incentivizing farming in the Great Plains. In 1930, weather patterns shifted over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The Pacific grew cooler than normal and the Atlantic warmer. U.S. Geological Survey. News reports called the event Black Sunday. Dust storms crackled with powerful static electricity. Accessed June 9, 2020. Many of them lived in shantytowns and tents along irrigation ditches. It reached as far east as the mid-Atlantic region and hit eight Southern states. ...read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. Accessed June 9, 2020. Donald Worster. Encyclopedia.com. Dust Bowl, section of the Great Plains of the United States that extended over southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, and northeastern New Mexico. The Dust Bowl. “The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression 1929-1941,” Pages 53-54. Why Hoover Couldn't End the Depression With Economic Policies, How Deforestation Costs You and Steps You Can Take Today, Here Are Some Great Tips on How to Trade Corn Futures, The Worst North American Drought Year of the Last Millennium: 1934, 85th Anniversary of April 1935 Dust Storm (Black Sunday), The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression 1929-1941, Statement on the Organization of Drought Relief, The Final Frontiers, 1880-1930: Settling the Southern Bottomlands, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover, Climate at a Glance: National Time Series, The Black Sunday Dust Storm of April 14, 1935, National Climate Report - May 2018 Regional Warmest Summer, Data Tools: Daily Weather Records: View Selected Records, Climate Data Online Search: Daily Summaries, Statement on the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation, Records of the Surplus Marketing Administration, Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States, America From the Great Depression to World War II: Black and White Photographs From the FSA and OWI, ca. 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